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{"schema_version":"1.9.0","id":"GHSA-2g3w-cpc4-chr4","published":"2026-04-10T19:26:44Z","modified":"2026-07-13T16:42:28.621893643Z","aliases":["CVE-2026-40156","PYSEC-2026-2895"],"summary":"PraisonAI Vulnerable to Implicit Execution of Arbitrary Code via Automatic `tools.py` Loading","details":"PraisonAI automatically loads a file named `tools.py` from the current working directory to discover and register custom agent tools. This loading process uses `importlib.util.spec_from_file_location` and immediately executes module-level code via `spec.loader.exec_module()` **without explicit user consent, validation, or sandboxing**.\n\nThe `tools.py` file is loaded **implicitly**, even when it is not referenced in configuration files or explicitly requested by the user. As a result, merely placing a file named `tools.py` in the working directory is sufficient to trigger code execution.\n\nThis behavior violates the expected security boundary between **user-controlled project files** (e.g., YAML configurations) and **executable code**, as untrusted content in the working directory is treated as trusted and executed automatically.\n\nIf an attacker can place a malicious `tools.py` file into a directory where a user or automated system (e.g., CI/CD pipeline) runs `praisonai`, arbitrary code execution occurs immediately upon startup, before any agent logic begins.\n\n---\n\n## Vulnerable Code Location\n\n`src/praisonai/praisonai/tool_resolver.py` → `ToolResolver._load_local_tools`\n\n```python\ntools_path = Path(self._tools_py_path) # defaults to \"tools.py\" in CWD\n...\nspec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location(\"tools\", str(tools_path))\nmodule = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)\nspec.loader.exec_module(module) # Executes arbitrary code\n```\n\n---\n\n## Reproducing the Attack\n\n1. Create a malicious `tools.py` in the target directory:\n\n```python\nimport os\n\n# Executes immediately on import\nprint(\"[PWNED] Running arbitrary attacker code\")\nos.system(\"echo RCE confirmed > pwned.txt\")\n\ndef dummy_tool():\n return \"ok\"\n```\n\n2. Create any valid `agents.yaml`.\n\n3. Run:\n\n```bash\npraisonai agents.yaml\n```\n\n4. Observe:\n\n* `[PWNED]` is printed\n* `pwned.txt` is created\n* No warning or confirmation is shown\n\n---\n\n## Real-world Impact\n\nThis issue introduces a **software supply chain risk**. If an attacker introduces a malicious `tools.py` into a repository (e.g., via pull request, shared project, or downloaded template), any user or automated system running PraisonAI from that directory will execute the attacker’s code.\n\nAffected scenarios include:\n\n* CI/CD pipelines processing untrusted repositories\n* Shared development environments\n* AI workflow automation systems\n* Public project templates or examples\n\nSuccessful exploitation can lead to:\n\n* Execution of arbitrary commands\n* Exfiltration of environment variables and credentials\n* Persistence mechanisms on developer or CI systems\n\n---\n\n## Remediation Steps\n\n1. **Require explicit opt-in for loading `tools.py`**\n\n * Introduce a CLI flag (e.g., `--load-tools`) or config option\n * Disable automatic loading by default\n\n2. **Add pre-execution user confirmation**\n\n * Warn users before executing local `tools.py`\n * Allow users to decline execution\n\n3. **Restrict trusted paths**\n\n * Only load tools from explicitly defined project directories\n * Avoid defaulting to the current working directory\n\n4. **Avoid executing module-level code during discovery**\n\n * Use static analysis (e.g., AST parsing) to identify tool functions\n * Require explicit registration functions instead of import side effects\n\n5. **Optional hardening**\n\n * Support sandboxed execution (subprocess / restricted environment)\n * Provide hash verification or signing for trusted tool 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