425 lines
22 KiB
JSON
425 lines
22 KiB
JSON
{
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"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
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"cveMetadata": {
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"cveId": "CVE-2025-37964",
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"assignerOrgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
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"state": "PUBLISHED",
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"assignerShortName": "Linux",
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"dateReserved": "2025-04-16T04:51:23.974Z",
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"datePublished": "2025-05-20T16:01:56.013Z",
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"dateUpdated": "2026-11-10T12:36:08.267Z"
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},
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"shortName": "Linux",
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"dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T11:58:41.507Z"
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},
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"descriptions": [
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"lang": "en",
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"value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nx86/mm: Eliminate window where TLB flushes may be inadvertently skipped\n\ntl;dr: There is a window in the mm switching code where the new CR3 is\nset and the CPU should be getting TLB flushes for the new mm. But\nshould_flush_tlb() has a bug and suppresses the flush. Fix it by\nwidening the window where should_flush_tlb() sends an IPI.\n\nLong Version:\n\n=== History ===\n\nThere were a few things leading up to this.\n\nFirst, updating mm_cpumask() was observed to be too expensive, so it was\nmade lazier. But being lazy caused too many unnecessary IPIs to CPUs\ndue to the now-lazy mm_cpumask(). So code was added to cull\nmm_cpumask() periodically[2]. But that culling was a bit too aggressive\nand skipped sending TLB flushes to CPUs that need them. So here we are\nagain.\n\n=== Problem ===\n\nThe too-aggressive code in should_flush_tlb() strikes in this window:\n\n\t// Turn on IPIs for this CPU/mm combination, but only\n\t// if should_flush_tlb() agrees:\n\tcpumask_set_cpu(cpu, mm_cpumask(next));\n\n\tnext_tlb_gen = atomic64_read(&next->context.tlb_gen);\n\tchoose_new_asid(next, next_tlb_gen, &new_asid, &need_flush);\n\tload_new_mm_cr3(need_flush);\n\t// ^ After 'need_flush' is set to false, IPIs *MUST*\n\t// be sent to this CPU and not be ignored.\n\n this_cpu_write(cpu_tlbstate.loaded_mm, next);\n\t// ^ Not until this point does should_flush_tlb()\n\t// become true!\n\nshould_flush_tlb() will suppress TLB flushes between load_new_mm_cr3()\nand writing to 'loaded_mm', which is a window where they should not be\nsuppressed. Whoops.\n\n=== Solution ===\n\nThankfully, the fuzzy \"just about to write CR3\" window is already marked\nwith loaded_mm==LOADED_MM_SWITCHING. Simply checking for that state in\nshould_flush_tlb() is sufficient to ensure that the CPU is targeted with\nan IPI.\n\nThis will cause more TLB flush IPIs. But the window is relatively small\nand I do not expect this to cause any kind of measurable performance\nimpact.\n\nUpdate the comment where LOADED_MM_SWITCHING is written since it grew\nyet another user.\n\nPeter Z also raised a concern that should_flush_tlb() might not observe\n'loaded_mm' and 'is_lazy' in the same order that switch_mm_irqs_off()\nwrites them. Add a barrier to ensure that they are observed in the\norder they are written."
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}
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"version": "3.1",
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"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
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"baseScore": 7.8,
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"value": "AV:L - The race is driven entirely through local syscalls (`madvise(MADV_DONTNEED)`/`mprotect`/`munmap` plus thread creation and CPU affinity) combined with scheduler-driven `switch_mm_irqs_off()` transitions; there is no network-reachable path into `arch/x86/mm/tlb.c`.\nAC:L - The attacker controls both sides of the race — one pinned thread loops TLB-flushing operations on a shared mm while other threads force repeated context switches into that mm on another CPU — and can retry millions of times per second; the window spans the CR3 write, and the bug was observed triggering under ordinary production workloads without adversarial tuning.\nPR:L - Every ingredient (multithreaded process, `madvise`/`mprotect` on its own anonymous memory, `sched_setaffinity`, `sched_yield`) is available to any unprivileged local user with no capabilities and no namespace tricks required.\nUI:N - The attacking process triggers the missed flush entirely on its own; no victim action, mount, or file open is involved.\nS:U - The stale TLB entry and the resulting memory corruption are both within the kernel/OS security authority; no hypervisor, IOMMU, or sandbox boundary is crossed as defined by CVSS scope.\nC:H - A suppressed flush leaves a live user mapping to a physical page the kernel has already freed and reallocated, allowing the attacker to read page-cache contents, other processes' anonymous memory, or kernel data placed in that page — effectively arbitrary memory disclosure.\nI:H - The retained mapping is writable, so the attacker can write into reallocated pages including page tables and kernel slab objects, yielding an arbitrary-write primitive and privilege escalation; missed flushes after COW/KSM write-protect additionally allow writing pages now shared with other processes.\nA:H - Writes through stale entries into recycled kernel page tables and slab objects corrupt kernel state, producing oopses and panics — the class of corruption that prompted the original production bug report."
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