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Updates for cx_Oracle 7 and Oracle Client 18.3 as well as some miscellaneous

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tweaks.
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Anthony Tuininga 2018-09-12 15:05:29 -06:00
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samples/tutorial/Python-and-Oracle-Database-12c-Scripting-for-the-Future.html → samples/tutorial/Python-and-Oracle-Database-Scripting-for-the-Future.html
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@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<title>Python and Oracle Database 12c: Scripting for the Future</title>
<title>Python and Oracle Database: Scripting for the Future</title>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="resources/base.css" type="text/css"/>
@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
</head>
<body bgcolor="#ffffff" text="#000000">
<h1>Python and Oracle Database 12c: Scripting for the Future</h1>
<h1>Python and Oracle Database: Scripting for the Future</h1>
<img src="resources/community-py-200.png" alt="Python cx_Oracle logo">
@ -19,11 +19,11 @@
<li><a href="#preface" >Preface</a></li>
<li><a href="#connectioninformation" >Connection Information</a></li>
<li><a href="#overview" >Overview</a></li>
<li><a href="#lab" >Using Python cx_Oracle 6 with Oracle Database 12c</a></li>
<li><a href="#lab" >Using Python cx_Oracle 7 with Oracle Database</a></li>
<ul>
<li><a href="#connecting">1. Connecting to Oracle</a>
<ul>
<li>1.1 Set the connection values</li>
<li>1.1 Review the connection credentials</li>
<li>1.2 Creating a basic connection</li>
<li>1.3 Indentation indicates code structure</li>
<li>1.4 Executing a query</li>
@ -100,23 +100,18 @@
<h2><a name="preface">Preface</a></h2>
<p>This tutorial was originally run as a 'Hands on Lab' at Oracle
OpenWorld 2017. Attendees used a presupplied virtual machine
preconfigured with Oracle Database, Python 3.6, cx_Oracle 6.0, a
text editor, and access to a terminal console.</p>
<p>To set up a similar environment yourself, install the following required software:</p>
<p>If you are running this tutorial in your own environment, install the following required software:</p>
<ol>
<li><a target="_blank" href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> (3.6 preferred but 2.7 should work)</li>
<li>cx_Oracle (6.2.1 preferred any 6.x should work) and Oracle Instant Client Package - Basic (12.2 preferred 12.1 should work)
<li>cx_Oracle (version 7 preferred but 6.3 or later should work) and Oracle Instant Client Package - Basic (version 18.3 preferred 12.2 should work)
<ul>
<li><a target="_blank" href="http://cx-oracle.readthedocs.io/en/latest/installation.html#installing-cx-oracle-on-linux">Linux</a></li>
<li><a target="_blank" href="http://cx-oracle.readthedocs.io/en/latest/installation.html#installing-cx-oracle-on-macos">macOS</a> - please note the special instructions for macOS in the link.</li>
<li><a target="_blank" href="http://cx-oracle.readthedocs.io/en/latest/installation.html#installing-cx-oracle-on-windows">Windows</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Oracle <a target="_blank" href="http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/database/database-technologies/instant-client/overview/index.html">Instant Client Package - SQL*Plus</a> OR Oracle <a target="_blank" href="http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/developer-tools/sqlcl/downloads/index.html">SQLcl</a></li>
<li>Oracle <a target="_blank" href="http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/database/database-technologies/instant-client/overview/index.html">Instant Client Package - SQL*Plus</a>.</li>
</ol>
<p>To create the schema run:</p>
@ -152,16 +147,17 @@ sqlplus sys/yoursyspassword@localhost/orclpdb as sysdba @sql/SetupSamples
be done in any order. Choose the content that interests you and
your skill level.</p>
<p>Follow the steps in this document. The home directory has
scripts to run and modify. The <code>solutions</code> directory has
scripts with the suggested code changes.</p>
<p>Follow the steps in this document. The <code>tutorial</code>
directory has scripts to run and modify. The
<code>tutorial/solutions</code> directory has scripts with the
suggested code changes.</p>
<p>Use the Desktop icons to start editors and terminal windows.</p>
<p>If you are new to Python review the <a href="#primer">Appendix:
Python Primer</a> to gain an understanding of the language. </p>
<h2><a name="lab">Using Python cx_Oracle 6 with Oracle Database 12c</a></h2>
<h2><a name="lab">Using Python cx_Oracle 7 with Oracle Database</a></h2>
<p>Python is a popular general purpose dynamic scripting language.
The cx_Oracle interface provides Python API to access Oracle
@ -172,8 +168,8 @@ sqlplus sys/yoursyspassword@localhost/orclpdb as sysdba @sql/SetupSamples
<h3><a name="connecting">1. Connecting to Oracle</a></h3>
<ul>
<li>
<h4>1.1 Set the connection values</h4>
<p>Review the code contained in <code>db_config.py</code> and <code>db_config.sql</code>:</p>
<h4>1.1 Review the connection credentials</h4>
<p>Review <code>db_config.py</code> and <code>db_config.sql</code>. These are included in other Python and SQL files in this tutorial:</p>
<code>db_config.py</code>
<pre>
user = "pythonhol"
@ -185,8 +181,9 @@ dsn = "localhost/orclpdb"
def user = "pythonhol"
def pw = "welcome"
def connect_string = "localhost/orclpdb"
</pre>
<p>Modify the values in both files to match the connection information for your environment.</p>
</pre>
<p>By default they connect to the 'orclpdb' database service on the same machine as Python. You can modify the values in both files to match the connection information for your environment.</p>
</li>
@ -212,7 +209,11 @@ print("Database version:", con.version)
machine, <code>localhost</code>, and the database service name
<code>orclpdb</code>. </p>
<p>Open a command terminal and run:</p>
<p>Open a command terminal and change to the <code>tutorial</code> directory:</p>
<pre><strong>cd tutorial</strong></pre>
<p>Run the Python script:</p>
<pre><strong>python connect.py</strong></pre>
@ -223,8 +224,8 @@ print("Database version:", con.version)
<p>cx_Oracle also supports "external authentication", which
allows connections without needing usernames and passwords
to be embedded in the code. Authentication will instead be
performed by, for example, LDAP.</p>
to be embedded in the code. Authentication would then
instead be performed by, for example, LDAP.</p>
</li>
@ -235,7 +236,7 @@ print("Database version:", con.version)
or braces to indicate blocks of code.</p>
<p>Open <code>connect.py</code> in an editor. Indent the
print statement with some spaces and save the file:</p>
print statement with some spaces:</p>
<pre>
import cx_Oracle
@ -245,7 +246,7 @@ con = cx_Oracle.connect(db_config.user, db_config.pw, db_config.dsn)
print("Database version:", con.version)
</pre>
<p>Run the script again:</p>
<p>Save the script and run it again:</p>
<pre><strong>python connect.py</strong> </pre>
@ -289,7 +290,7 @@ for row in res:
print(row)</strong>
</pre>
<p><i>Make sure the <code>print(row)</code> line is indented.</i></p>
<p><i>Make sure the <code>print(row)</code> line is indented. This lab uses spaces, not tabs.</i></p>
<p>The code executes a query and fetches all data.</p>
@ -307,39 +308,17 @@ for row in res:
<h4>1.5 Closing connections</h4>
<p>Connections and other resources used by cx_Oracle will
automatically be closed at the end of scope. This is a common
programming style.</p>
automatically be closed at the end of scope. This is a
common programming style that takes care of the correct
order of resource closure.</p>
<p>Resources can also be explicitly closed to free up
database resources if they are no longer needed.</p>
database resources if they are no longer needed. This may
be useful in blocks of code that remain active for some
time.</p>
<p>Open <code>query.py</code> in an editor and add a call to
<code>close()</code> like:</p>
<pre>
import cx_Oracle
import db_config
con = cx_Oracle.connect(db_config.user, db_config.pw, db_config.dsn)
cur = con.cursor()
cur.execute("select * from dept order by deptno")
res = cur.fetchall()
for row in res:
print(row)
<strong>con.close()</strong>
</pre>
<p>Run the script:</p>
<pre><strong>python query.py</strong></pre>
<p>If you are using cx_Oracle 6.2+ the connection will close and you can skip ahead to section 1.6.</p>
<p>If you are using an older version of cx_Oracle, this gives the error "cx_Oracle.DatabaseError: DPI-1054: connection cannot be closed when open statements or LOBs exist".</p>
<p>To fix this, edit the file and close the cursor:</p>
<p>Open <code>query.py</code> in an editor and add calls to
close the cursor and connection like:</p>
<pre>
import cx_Oracle
@ -354,15 +333,14 @@ for row in res:
print(row)
<strong>cur.close()</strong>
con.close()
<strong>con.close()</strong>
</pre>
<p>If you run the script again, it will succeed without
error.</p>
<p>Running the script completes without error:</p>
<p>In your own applications, you may prefer to let cx_Oracle
automatically close resources at end of scope.</p>
<pre><strong>python query.py</strong></pre>
<p>If you swap the order of the two <code>close()</code> calls you will see an error.</p>
</li>
<li>
@ -400,17 +378,17 @@ print("Client version:", cx_Oracle.clientversion())</strong>
<p>When the script is run, it will display:</p>
<pre>
6.0.2
Database version: 12.2.0.1.0
Client version: (12, 2, 0, 1, 0)
7.0.0
Database version: 18.3.0.0.0
Client version: (18, 3, 0, 0, 0)
</pre>
<p>Note the client version is a tuple.</p>
<p>An application can support multiple Oracle versions. By
checking the Oracle Database and client versions numbers,
the application can make use of the best Oracle features
available.</p>
<p>Any cx_Oracle installation can connect to older and newer
Oracle Database versions. By checking the Oracle Database
and client versions numbers, the application can make use of
the best Oracle features available.</p>
</li>
@ -473,7 +451,7 @@ print("All done!")
<p>The <code>seqval, = cur.fetchone()</code> line fetches a
row and puts the single value contained in the result tuple
into the variable <code>seqval</code>. Without the comma,
the value in seqval would be a tuple like
the value in <code>seqval</code> would be a tuple like
"<code>(1,)</code>".</p>
<p>Two threads are created, each invoking the
@ -494,7 +472,7 @@ run.</p>
<p>Review <code>connect_pool2.py</code>, which has a loop for the number
of threads:</p>
of threads, each iteration invoking the <code>Query()</code> method:</p>
<pre>
import cx_Oracle
@ -541,6 +519,11 @@ cx_Oracle.SPOOL_ATTRVAL_WAIT</code> to the
from taking place, but will cause the thread to wait until a session
is available.</p>
<p>Pool configurations where <code>min</code> is the same as
<code>max</code> (and <code>increment = 0</code>) are often
recommended as a way to avoid connection storms on the database
server.</p>
</li>
<li>
@ -627,7 +610,7 @@ print("Database version:", con.version)
<p>DRCP works well with session pooling.</p>
<p>Edit <code>connect_pool2.py</code> and modify it to use DRCP:</p>
<p>Edit <code>connect_pool2.py</code>, reset any changed pool options, and modify it to use DRCP:</p>
<pre>
import cx_Oracle
import threading
@ -664,6 +647,13 @@ print("All done!")
<pre><strong>python connect_pool2.py</strong></pre>
<p>If you get the error "ORA-24418: Cannot open further
sessions", it is because connection requests are being made
while the pool is starting or growing. Add the argument
<code>getmode = cx_Oracle.SPOOL_ATTRVAL_WAIT</code> to the
<code>cx_Oracle.SessionPool()</code> call so connection
requests wait for pooled sessions to be available.</p>
<p>Open a new a terminal window and invoke SQL*Plus:</p>
<pre><strong>sqlplus /nolog @drcp_query.sql</strong></pre>
@ -681,19 +671,20 @@ print("All done!")
<h4>2.5 More DRCP investigation</h4>
<p>To explore the behaviors of session and DRCP pooling futher,
you could include the <code>time</code> module at the file
you could try changing the purity to
<code>cx_Oracle.ATTR_PURITY_NEW</code> to see the effect on the
DRCP NUM_MISSES statistic.</p>
<p>Another experiement is to include the <code>time</code> module at the file
top:</p>
<pre>
import time</pre>
<p>and add calls to <code>time.sleep(1)</code> in the code, for
example in the query loop. Then use
<code>drcp_query.sql</code> to monitor pooled behavior.</p>
example in the query loop. Then look at the way the threads execute. Use
<code>drcp_query.sql</code> to monitor the pool's behavior.</p>
<p>Also try changing the purity to
<code>cx_Oracle.ATTR_PURITY_NEW</code> to see the effect on the
DRCP NUM_MISSES statistic.</p>
</li>
</ul>
@ -790,10 +781,11 @@ res = cur.fetchmany(numRows = 3)
print(res)
</pre>
<p>The <code>fetchmany()</code> method returns a list of
tuples. By default the number of rows returned is specified by the
cursor attribute <code>arraysize</code>. Here the <code>numRows</code>
parameter specifies that three rows should be returned.</p>
<p>The <code>fetchmany()</code> method returns a list of tuples. By
default the number of rows returned is specified by the cursor
attribute <code>arraysize</code> (which defaults to 100). Here the
<code>numRows</code> parameter specifies that three rows should be
returned.</p>
<p>Run the script in a terminal window:</p>
@ -933,13 +925,13 @@ print(elapsed, "seconds")
to use different arraysizes than those given here to see a
meaningful time difference.</p>
<p>The default arraysize used by cx_Oracle 6 is 100. There is a
<p>The default arraysize used by cx_Oracle 7 is 100. There is a
time/space tradeoff for increasing the arraysize. Larger
arraysizes will require more memory in Python for buffering the
records.</p>
<p>If you know a query only returns a few records, consider
decreasing the arraysize from the default to reduce memory
<p>If you know a query only returns a few records,
decrease the arraysize from the default to reduce memory
usage.</p>
</ul>
@ -1112,8 +1104,9 @@ print(res)
<pre><strong>python bind_insert.py</strong></pre>
<p>The new code shows the offending duplicate row: "ORA-00001:
unique constraint (PYTHONHOL.MY_PK) violated at row offset
6"</p>
unique constraint (PYTHONHOL.MY_PK) violated at row offset 6".
This indicates the 6th data value (counting from 0) had a
problem.</p>
<p>The other data gets inserted and is queried back.</p>
@ -1132,8 +1125,7 @@ print(res)
<p>cx_Oracle can fetch and bind named object types such as Oracle's
Spatial Data Objects (SDO).</p>
<p>In a terminal window, start SQL*Plus:</p>
<p>(Modify the following command to use your connection values.)</p>
<p>In a terminal window, start SQL*Plus using the lab credentials and connection string, such as:</p>
<pre>
sqlplus pythonhol/welcome@localhost/orclpdb
@ -1216,11 +1208,14 @@ SDO_ELEM_INFO_ARRAY are set with <code>extend()</code>.</p>
<pre>(1, &lt;cx_Oracle.Object MDSYS.SDO_GEOMETRY at 0x104a76230&gt;)</pre>
<p>To show the attribute values, edit the file so the query code
(below the existing comment "<code># Query the row</code>") is
like:</p>
<p>To show the attribute values, edit the the query code section at
the end of the file. Add a new method that traverses the object. The
file below the existing comment "<code># (Change below here)</code>")
should look like:</p>
<pre>
# (Change below here)
# Define a function to dump the contents of an Oracle object
def dumpobject(obj, prefix = " "):
if obj.type.iscollection:
@ -1259,21 +1254,21 @@ for id, obj in cur:
Querying row just inserted...
Id: 1
{
SDO_GTYPE : 2003.0
SDO_GTYPE : 2003
SDO_SRID : None
SDO_POINT : None
SDO_ELEM_INFO :
[
1.0
1003.0
3.0
1
1003
3
]
SDO_ORDINATES :
[
1.0
1.0
5.0
7.0
1
1
5
7
]
}
</pre>
@ -1338,7 +1333,7 @@ print(res)
The second parameter is the type of the returned value. It should be one
of the types supported by cx_Oracle or one of the type constants defined
by cx_Oracle (such as cx_Oracle.NUMBER). The two PL/SQL function
parameters are passed as a tuple and bound to the function parameter
parameters are passed as a tuple, binding them to the function parameter
arguments.</p>
<p>From a terminal window, run:</p>
@ -1437,7 +1432,7 @@ for row in cur.execute("select * from dept"):
<p>This shows the department number represented as digits like
<code>10</code>.</p>
<p>Add an output type handler to the bottom of file:</p>
<p>Add an output type handler to the bottom of the file:</p>
<pre>
<strong>def ReturnNumbersAsStrings(cursor, name, defaultType, size, precision, scale):
@ -1521,7 +1516,7 @@ for value, in cur.execute("select 0.1 from dual"):
from <code>decimal.Decimal</code> is returned in the output
tuple. </p>
<p>Run the file:</p>
<p>Run the file again:</p>
<pre><strong>python type_converter.py</strong></pre>
@ -1719,7 +1714,8 @@ print("CLOB data:", clobdata)
<p>For CLOBs small enough to fit in the application memory, it
is much faster to fetch them directly as strings.</p>
<p>Review the code contained in <code>clob_string.py</code>:</p>
<p>Review the code contained in <code>clob_string.py</code>.
The differences from <code>clob.py</code> are shown in bold:</p>
<pre>
import cx_Oracle
@ -1809,7 +1805,7 @@ for c1, c2 in rows:
<p>Both access methods gives the same results.</p>
<p>To use a rowfactory function, edit <code>rowfactory.py</code> and
add:</p>
add this code at the bottom:</p>
<pre>
<strong>print('Rowfactory:')
@ -2084,6 +2080,11 @@ dequeue <code>options.wait</code> value to
</ul>
<p>When you run scripts, Python automatically creates bytecode
versions of them in a folder called <code>__pycache__</code>.
These improve performance of scripts that are run multiple times.
They are automatically recreated if the source file changes.</p>
<h4>Indentation</h4>
<p> Whitespace indentation is significant in Python. When copying
@ -2146,7 +2147,8 @@ print('Value:', count)</pre>
<P>Note the <a
href="https://docs.python.org/3.0/whatsnew/3.0.html#print-is-a-function"
><code>print</code></a> syntax and output is different in Python
2.</p>
2. Examples in this lab use <code>from __future__ import print_function
</code> so that they run with Python 2 and Python 3.</p>
<h4>Data Structures</h4>

2
samples/tutorial/bind_sdo.py
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@ -43,6 +43,8 @@ print("Adding row to table...")
cur.execute("insert into testgeometry values (1, :obj)", obj = obj)
print("Row added!")
# (Change below here)
# Query the row
print("Querying row just inserted...")
cur.execute("select id, geometry from testgeometry");

2
samples/tutorial/connect.py
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# connect.py (Section 1.1 and 1.2)
# connect.py (Section 1.2 and 1.3)
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2
samples/tutorial/drcp_query.sql
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- drcp_query.sql (Section 2.5)
-- drcp_query.sql (Section 2.4 and 2.5)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

2
samples/tutorial/query.py
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# query.py (Section 1.3)
# query.py (Section 1.4 and 1.5)
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2
samples/tutorial/solutions/bind_sdo.py
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@ -50,6 +50,8 @@ print("Adding row to table...")
cur.execute("insert into testgeometry values (1, :objbv)", objbv = obj)
print("Row added!")
# (Change below here)
# Define a function to dump the contents of an Oracle object
def dumpobject(obj, prefix = " "):
if obj.type.iscollection:

3
samples/tutorial/solutions/connect_pool2.py
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@ -14,7 +14,8 @@ import time
import db_config
pool = cx_Oracle.SessionPool(db_config.user, db_config.pw, db_config.dsn + ":pooled",
min = 2, max = 5, increment = 1, threaded = True)
min = 2, max = 5, increment = 1, threaded = True,
getmode = cx_Oracle.SPOOL_ATTRVAL_WAIT)
def Query():
con = pool.acquire(cclass="PYTHONHOL", purity=cx_Oracle.ATTR_PURITY_SELF)

2
samples/tutorial/solutions/query-2.py
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# query.py (Section 1.4)
# query.py (Section 1.5)
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2
samples/tutorial/solutions/query.py
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# query.py (Section 1.3)
# query.py (Section 1.4 and 1.5)
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

29
samples/tutorial/solutions/query_scroll.py Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# query_scroll.py (Section 3.4)
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Copyright 2017, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
from __future__ import print_function
import cx_Oracle
import db_config
con = cx_Oracle.connect(db_config.user, db_config.pw, db_config.dsn)
cur = con.cursor(scrollable = True)
cur.execute("select * from dept order by deptno")
cur.scroll(2, mode = "absolute") # go to second row
print(cur.fetchone())
cur.scroll(-1) # go back one row
print(cur.fetchone())
cur.scroll(1) # go to next row
print(cur.fetchone())
cur.scroll(mode = "first") # go to first row
print(cur.fetchone())

2
samples/tutorial/solutions/versions.py
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# versions.py (Section 1.5)
# versions.py (Section 1.6)
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2
samples/tutorial/versions.py
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# versions.py (Section 1.5)
# versions.py (Section 1.6)
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------